Image Joas Souza Brutalism emerged in the 1950s, coined by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson.

Image Thomas Lewandovski Written by Niall Patrick Walsh March 18, 2020.

As we reflected in our AD Essentials Guide to Modernism, the philosophy of Modernism still dominates much of architectural discourse today, even if the world that gave rise to Modernism has changed utterly.

As we say goodbye to 2019, a year that saw the centenary of the Bauhaus, we have collated a list of key architectural styles that defined Modernism in architecture.

This tool for understanding the development of 20th-century design is complete with examples of each style, showcasing the practice of Modernism that lay behind the theory.

Early-Century Styles Bauhaus Save this picture Dessau Bauhaus Walter Gropius.

Image Thomas Lewandovski Derived from the German for Construction House, The Bauhaus originated as a German school for architecture and the arts founded by Walter Gropius in 1919.

As well as being a template for many architectural schools that followed, the institution gave its name to a distinctive style characterized by an emphasis on function, little ornamentation, and a fusion of balanced forms and abstract shapes.

Characteristics of the style include the reduction of design to essential forms and colors, with simple horizontal and vertical elements, and the use of black, white, and primary colors.

Rietveld Schroder House Gerrit Rietveld Caf LAubette Theo van Doesburg Constructivism Save this picture Denis Esakov.

Constructivism combined technological innovation with a Russian Futurist influence, resulting in stylistically abstract geometric masses.

A Short History of Yekaterinburgs Constructivist Architecture Spotlight: Constructivist Pioneer Konstantin Melnikov A Soviet Utopia: Constructivism in Yekaterinburg Expressionism Save this picture Grundtvigs Church Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint.

Image Courtesy of Flickr user Flemming Ibsen The biomorphic, organic, emotional forms which defined the Expressionist style stood in contrast to the clean, linear definitions of Bauhaus architecture, despite their coexistence between 1910 and 1930.

Derived from German Dutch, Austrian, Czech, and Danish Avante Garde, Expressionism explored new technical possibilities which emerged from the mass production of steel, brick, and glass, while also evoking unusual massings and utopian visions.

Grundtvigs Church Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint Fragments of Metropolis: An Exploration of Berlins Expressionist History AD Classics: Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes Mid-Century Styles Functionalism Save this picture Renovation of a Functionalist Villa Indian Ship Idhea.

Emerging from the aftermath of the First World War, the style is associated with ideas of socialism and modern humanism.

As the style developed through the 1930s, notably Germany, Poland, USSR, the Netherlands, and Czechoslovakia, the central idea of form follows function was infused with the idea of using architecture as a means to physically create a better life for citizens.

Features of the style include pure geometric forms, plain materials, repetition, and clean lines.

An evolution of early Modernist principles in Europe, the International Style describes the era where European Modernism spread throughout the world, notably the United States.

Characterized by simple geometry and a lack of ornamentation, the style was appropriated in the United States characterized by monolithic skyscrapers with curtain walling, flat roofs, and ubiquitous glazing.

Harrison Metabolism Save this picture Nagakin Capsule Tower Kisho Kurokawa.

Image Arcspace Metabolism was a post-war Japanese movement that infused megastructures with organic biological growth.

Influenced by Marxist theories and biological processes, a group of young designers including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki published their Metabolism manifesto in 1960, giving the style significant public attention.

Characteristics include modularity, prefabrication, adaptability, and strong core infrastructures.

Nagakin Capsule Tower Kisho Kurokawa Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Center Kenzo Tange Kikutakes Sky House: Where Metabolism Le Corbusier Meet Brutalism Save this picture The Barbican Estate Chamerlin, Powell and Bon Architects.

Modernism Architecture Characteristics